Transgenic crops, also known as genetically modified (GM) crops or genetically engineered (GE) crops, are plants that have been genetically modified using recombinant DNA technology. This involves inserting foreign DNA into the plant's genome, which can give the plant new traits or characteristics.
Transgenic crops have been developed with various traits, such as insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance, disease resistance, and improved nutrition. Some common examples of transgenic crops include:
- BT crops: These crops have been genetically modified to produce a toxin called Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) that is toxic to certain insect pests. BT crops include BT cotton, BT corn, and BT soybeans.
- Herbicide-tolerant crops: These crops have been genetically modified to resist certain herbicides, allowing farmers to apply these herbicides to control weeds without harming the crop. Examples include herbicide-tolerant soybeans, corn, and cotton.
- Drought-tolerant crops: These crops have been genetically modified to be more tolerant of drought conditions, which can help improve yields in areas with limited water resources. Examples include drought-tolerant corn, soybeans, and cotton.
- Disease-resistant crops: Transgenic crops have been developed to resist diseases such as the papaya ringspot virus, which has been successfully controlled through genetic engineering.
- Nutritionally-enhanced crops: These crops have been genetically modified to contain higher levels of certain nutrients, such as iron or vitamin A. Examples include golden rice, which has been genetically modified to contain beta-carotene (a precursor to vitamin A).
The use of transgenic crops has been controversial, with some concerns about their impact on the environment and human health. However, proponents argue that transgenic crops have the potential to increase yields, reduce the use of chemical pesticides and herbicides, and help address issues such as food insecurity and malnutrition.